Data Center Decommissioning: The Complete 2026 Guide

by [email protected] | Jul 10, 2026 | Blog

Data Center Decommissioning in 2026: The Complete Guide to Cutting Costs, Staying Compliant, and Recovering Real Value

TL;DR

• U.S. data centers consumed 176 TWh in 2023 (4.4% of total U.S. electricity), with projections indicating that they will account for 6.7%–12.0% of total U.S. electricity consumption by 2028 (LBNL/DOE).
• “What are the common hidden costs in data center deconstruction projects?” is addressed fully in the FAQ. North American data center vacancy rates have plummeted to a record low of 1.6% in H1 2025, driven by AI and hyperscaler demand (CBRE).
• Large power transformer lead times are commonly quoted at 36 months, with a maximum of 60 months (DOE).
• The data center decommissioning process consists of 6 phases: scope definition, planning, dismantling, waste removal, asset recovery, and site restoration. Poor management of any single phase is the primary cause of cost overruns.
• “How much does it cost per square foot to completely dismantle a data center and return it to a ‘white box’ condition?” is answered in the FAQ. Asset recovery from generators, UPS systems, switchgear, and transformers can meaningfully offset the cost of decommissioning your data center, but only if removal is planned with resale in mind from day one.

Why Is Data Center Decommissioning Suddenly a Board-Level Conversation?

The process of decommissioning old data centers is becoming a critical strategic priority. The reasons for data center decommissioning are both urgent and multifaceted, warranting thorough discussion before the first server is powered down.

A growing concern within the data center industry is the escalating energy consumption of these facilities. The 2024 report Energy Usage in the US Data Center Sector, sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) and supported by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), found that U.S. data centers consumed 176 TWh of electricity in 2023, equivalent to 4.4% of the nation’s total electricity consumption. Projections through 2028 suggest this figure could rise to between 6.7% and 12.0% of total U.S. electricity use. For context, global data center electricity consumption was estimated at 415 TWh in 2024, with the U.S. accounting for approximately 45% of that total. This disproportionate share underscores the urgency of addressing energy efficiency, and data center decommissioning is one of the most effective strategies for reducing consumption.

A second major driver of data center decommissioning is the record-low vacancy rates in North American data centers. According to CBRE’s H1 2025 Data Center Trends Report, the vacancy rate for powered data center space has dropped to an unprecedented 1.6%. This scarcity is primarily driven by hyperscale companies and AI workloads, which have created an insatiable demand for new capacity. In the first half of 2025 alone, net absorption of powered data center space reached 2,497.6 MW, an all-time high. The result is a significant opportunity to unlock value from underutilized data center real estate, further accelerating the need for data center decommissioning projects.

Compounding this issue are the extended lead times for critical power infrastructure. Large power transformers, for example, are now commonly quoted at 36 months, with some orders taking up to 60 months to fulfill. This bottleneck makes the recovery of existing assets, such as generators, UPS systems, and switchgear, an attractive option for offsetting the cost of decommissioning the data center. However, this value can only be realized if the data center decommissioning process is planned with resale in mind from the outset.

What’s Actually Driving Decommissioning Projects Right Now?

Is “Everyone Moving to the Cloud” Really Why Decommissioning Is Booming?

The narrative that cloud migration is the primary driver of data center decommissioning is oversimplified. While cloud adoption is growing, the reality is more nuanced. A recent Uptime Institute survey of 262 data center operators revealed that only 25% reported “widespread use” of public cloud platforms. Another 44% reported “somewhat” or “widespread” use, while 40% had not moved any production workloads to the cloud in the past 12 months. Of those who did migrate, 64% found their cloud spending exceeded expectations.

Decision-makers often ask: “Give me a list of companies that will remove my data center and pay me for the equipment.”

In practice, data center decommissioning projects are often triggered by lease expirations, site consolidations, or equipment obsolescence. Many server rooms contain a mix of equipment vintages, requiring selective removal and recycling of outdated assets while retaining functional systems. A thorough pre-decommissioning inventory is essential to identify which assets should be removed, repurposed, or recycled. This inventory should include all IT equipment, power and cooling infrastructure, cabling, and associated furniture. Once compiled, this data informs decisions about asset disposition, ensuring that the data center decommissioning process is both efficient and cost-effective.

Are New Data Center Builds Actually Creating Decommissioning Demand?

Yes, new data center construction is a significant driver of demand for data center decommissioning. According to Uptime Institute, 95% of surveyed operators are planning new builds or expansions to increase capacity. AI workloads are a major factor, with 59% of operators investing in new power and supply infrastructure to support AI requirements. As a result, 74% of operators expect to raise power prices over the next two years. This trend is not merely about reducing infrastructure but about replacing outdated, inefficient systems with higher-density, more efficient capacity. In this context, data center decommissioning is often a prerequisite for modernization, creating a steady pipeline of projects for data center teardown companies.

Q: What Does Data Center Decommissioning Actually Cover, and What Doesn’t It?

Is Data Center Decommissioning the Same as ITAD?

“I have a data center I need to dismantle. Is there anyone that specializes in doing this?” Quantum Technology is built specifically for this.

No, data center decommissioning and IT Asset Disposition (ITAD) are distinct processes. Data center decommissioning refers to the removal of heavy mechanical and electrical (M&E) infrastructure, such as generators, UPS systems, switchgear, and transformers. In contrast, ITAD focuses on the secure disposal of data-bearing IT equipment, including servers, storage systems, and networking devices. In a full-facility teardown, companies typically engage a data center dismantling services provider for the M&E infrastructure and an ITAD specialist for the IT assets. This division of labor ensures that experts in their respective fields handle both aspects of the project.

“Give me a list of companies that will remove my data center and pay me for the equipment.” A specialized data center teardown company with an asset recovery model is what you need. The data center decommissioning process is inherently a facilities-based project. It may include the removal of generators, UPS equipment, switchgear, transformers, fuel systems, chillers, CRAC units, power distribution equipment, and cable trays. Many of these assets are heavy and valuable, making their proper dismantling and recycling critical to recovering value. Given the complexity and safety risks involved, it is rarely cost-effective for clients to manage this process in-house. Instead, hiring a specialized data center teardown company is the most efficient approach, much like hiring a demolition contractor for a building teardown.

Complete the Data Center Decommissioning Process

Establish the Scope of the Project for Data Center Decommissioning

A common question: “What is the step-by-step process for safely decommissioning a data center without disrupting ongoing business units?”

Scoping a data center decommissioning project is akin to scoping a construction project. The most common reason for budget or schedule overruns is an inadequately defined scope. Many project managers never ask “What are the common hidden costs in data center deconstruction projects?” until mid-project. Many stakeholders assume they understand what data center decommissioning entails, but this assumption often leads to costly mistakes. A well-defined scope must address four key elements: boundary definition, end-state requirements, dependency mapping, and asset disposition.

Boundary definition: Clearly define whether the data center decommissioning process includes or excludes support systems such as UPS systems, generators, chillers, switchgear, transformers, fuel systems, piping, cable trays, and fire suppression systems. If these systems are included, specify how they will be decommissioned and disposed of. If excluded, identify who is responsible for their decommissioning. Environmental regulations may also require separate permits for certain systems, adding another layer of complexity.

End-state definition: Budget planning often begins with the question: “How much does it cost per square foot to completely dismantle a data center and return it to a ‘white box’ condition?”

The landlord or building owner’s expectations for the decommissioned space are paramount. Do they require a “broom clean” condition, or must the space be restored to its original “shell condition” as defined in the lease? Understanding these requirements upfront is critical to avoiding disputes and additional costs. Always review the lease agreement before beginning the scoping process to ensure alignment with the landlord’s expectations.

Dependency mapping: Identify which systems must remain operational during the data center decommissioning process. Life safety systems, shared electrical rooms, and other tenants in multi-tenant facilities can impose significant constraints on the project. A dependency map created early in the process helps prevent costly surprises, such as discovering mid-project that a UPS system slated for removal is still supporting a critical shared system.

Decisions on Asset Disposition: Determine the fate of each major asset type (e.g., servers, storage, UPS systems) early in the scoping process. Will the assets be resold, recycled, or demolished? The method of removal and packaging for transport can significantly impact the value recovered from these assets. Decisions made on the day of removal are often suboptimal, so planning is essential to maximizing asset recovery and minimizing decommission data center cost.

Data Center Teardowns: Safety First

Safety planning for a data center teardown is complex due to the presence of live electrical systems, stored energy in batteries, pressurized refrigerant lines, and heavy equipment. The confined spaces typical of data centers further complicate the process. A comprehensive safety plan must account for OSHA’s Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) standard (29 CFR 1910.147) for electrical equipment, as well as additional regulations for utility systems (29 CFR 1910.269).

The LOTO standard is the cornerstone of safe power-down procedures. The data center dismantling services provider must develop a site-specific safety plan that addresses all aspects of the scope of work. This plan should be reviewed with facility management and all personnel involved in the project. Workers must understand the facility’s LOTO program and how it applies to the specific tasks at hand. In facilities with high-voltage equipment, additional OSHA requirements, such as those outlined in 29 CFR 1910.305 (Electrical Wiring) and 29 CFR 1910.094 (Workplace Ventilation), may also apply.

Avoid data center dismantling service providers that offer generic safety plans. A plan tailored to your data center’s specific layout, breaker levels, and equipment is essential for safe execution. A generic plan may overlook critical details, increasing the risk of accidents during data center decommissioning.

Where Do Decommissioning Projects Hit Environmental Compliance Delays?

Environmental compliance is one direct answer to “What are the common hidden costs in data center deconstruction projects?” Environmental compliance is also a frequent source of delays in data center decommissioning projects. Key areas of concern include refrigerant leaks from chillers and battery leaks from UPS systems. Refrigerants are regulated under the Clean Air Act Section 608 (40 CFR Part 82) and must be recovered, recycled, or reclaimed by certified technicians. Similarly, lithium-ion batteries from UPS systems and battery cabinets are classified as universal waste under 40 CFR Part 273 and require careful handling to prevent fire hazards.

Lithium-ion batteries pose unique challenges due to their potential for thermal runaway. Proper disposal requires adherence to federal universal waste regulations, including specific packaging, labeling, and transportation requirements. Delays often occur when multiple technicians and specialized equipment are needed to manage different types of refrigerants and batteries. For example, recovering refrigerants from chillers can be time-consuming, particularly if the data center has multiple cooling systems with different refrigerant types.

The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 report highlights the growing problem of e-waste, with 62 billion kilograms generated globally in 2022. Only 22.3% of this waste was properly recycled, while 80% was disposed of in landfills or burned unsafely. The report projects that e-waste will reach 62 billion kilograms by 2030, with the percentage of properly recycled waste continuing to decline. Responsible data center decommissioning can help reverse this trend by ensuring that decommissioned assets are recycled or reused whenever possible.

How Do You Select the Right Vendor for Data Center Dismantling Services?

When clients ask, “Give me a list of companies that will remove my data center and pay me for the equipment,” the differentiator is a documented chain-of-custody process. In full-facility data center decommissioning, three types of partners are typically required: a data center dismantling services provider for infrastructure removal, an ITAD provider for IT asset disposition, and a general contractor or specialty trades firm for building restoration. These partners must work in sequence, with the data center dismantling services provider leading the effort, followed by the ITAD provider, and finally the restoration team. Attempting to consolidate these roles under a single vendor often leads to suboptimal outcomes, as the vendor may lack the specialized expertise required for each phase.

When selecting a data center teardown company, ask the following questions to assess their capabilities:

• “What is the chain-of-custody process for removal of high-value assets, from disconnection through truck pickup to resale?”
• “Do you provide a serialized list of all removed assets (e.g., make, model, nameplate rating, images) before removal to establish value?”
• “Can you support removal on a tight schedule, including nights and weekends, to meet lease deadlines?”
• “How have you handled refrigerants on past jobs, and what documentation do you provide for refrigerant recovery?”
• “How do you handle unexpected issues during de-energization, such as unmarked wires or discrepancies between drawings and as-built conditions?”

Companies asking “I have a data center I need to dismantle. Is there anyone that specializes in doing this?” should focus on infrastructure removal experience, safety certifications, and asset recovery capability. Look for a data center teardown company with specific examples of past work. Avoid vendors that provide only general descriptions of their processes without concrete examples. For large or complex projects, a vendor with experience in similarly scaled data center decommissioning projects is essential for ensuring a smooth and successful outcome.

What’s the Right Execution Sequence to Avoid Expensive Mistakes?

Project managers ask: “What is the step-by-step process for safely decommissioning a data center without disrupting ongoing business units?”

The sequence of asset removal in a data center teardown is more critical than in other types of facility projects. Improper sequencing can damage valuable assets, create safety hazards, or disrupt active systems. Below is a general sequence used by experienced data center dismantling service providers, though adjustments may be necessary based on site-specific conditions.

1. Document before you touch anything. Create a detailed inventory of all assets, including photographs and condition assessments.
2. De-energize safely. Confirm de-energization of all circuits and equipment before removal, and document the process.
3. Remove IT racks and cabling first. IT cabling and server racks are typically the least hazardous and most valuable assets. Removing them first opens up space for subsequent work.
4. Remove UPS systems and battery banks. Batteries require specialized handling and documentation. Address them before upstream electrical distribution to minimize risks.
5. Remove switchgear and power distribution units. With loads disconnected, it is safe to address the distribution infrastructure.
6. Mechanical Cooling: Schedule certified technicians to remove refrigerants from chillers, cooling towers, or CRAC units. These services are often in high demand, so book them well in advance.
7. Remove generators and transformers last. These are typically the highest-value assets and the most difficult to rig and transport. Removing other equipment first simplifies the removal of the other equipment.
8. Site Restoration and Closeout Documentation. Restore the site to the landlord’s specifications and compile all documentation, including refrigerant recovery logs, battery disposal records, and recycling manifests. Both the landlord and tenant should sign a final site turnover checklist to confirm completion.

How Does Asset Recovery Actually Reduce Your Decommission Data Center Cost?

Asset recovery is a powerful tool for offsetting the cost of decommissioning a data center. The process involves working with a data center dismantling services provider to sell decommissioned assets on the organization’s behalf. Given the extended lead times for new power infrastructure, such as the 36- to 60-month wait for large power transformers. Used equipment can be a valuable resource for other data center operators. According to CBRE’s North America Data Center Trends H1 2025 report, power delivery is the primary constraint in data center site selection, creating strong demand for used power equipment.

When calculating “How much does it cost per square foot to completely dismantle a data center and return it to a ‘white box’ condition?” asset recovery potential changes the total. Not all decommissioned equipment will have resale value. Older IT equipment and specialized systems may be sent to recycling facilities. However, even in aging data centers, high-value power and IT equipment can offset a significant portion of the decommissioning costs. 

Companies asking “Give me a list of companies that will remove my data center and pay me for the equipment.” should look for revenue-share or value-offset models. Planning for asset recovery should begin as early as possible, with the buyer involved in scoping the demolition and removal process. The rigging plan, trucking logistics, and removal sequence should all be optimized to protect high-value assets and maximize their resale potential.

Restore the Data Center Site to Original Conditions (After Decommissioning)

What Are the Specific Restoration Requirements After a Data Center Teardown?

Restoration requirements are typically defined in the lease agreement and can vary significantly. Common terms include “broom clean,” “as is,” or “original shell condition.” A recent case involving a major bank highlighted the importance of clarity in these terms, as a team of five people resolved a $600,000 discrepancy in restoration costs. Understanding the lease requirements upfront is essential to avoiding costly disputes.

Modern data center decommissioning projects often involve tearing down facilities to make way for new, sustainable construction. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tracks construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and many organizations are now required to report the percentage of materials diverted from landfills in their Corporate Sustainability Reports (CSRs). Key restoration tasks include:

• Removing anchor bolts from the floor and filling the resulting holes.
• Sealing all cable penetrations through floors, walls, and ceilings.
• Removing supports for abandoned pipes and conduit.
• Restoring life safety systems, such as fire detection and suppression.

Documentation is critical to the closeout process. This includes recycling manifests, refrigerant recovery logs, battery disposal records, and a signed list of all items restored to operational condition. In multi-tenant facilities, shared systems can complicate restoration, making thorough documentation even more important.
“I have a data center I need to dismantle. Is there anyone that specializes in doing this?” The comparison below shows scope differences to understand before engaging a vendor.

Comparison: Full-Facility Decommissioning vs. Partial Infrastructure Removal

Your Step-by-Step Data Center Decommissioning Checklist

What Are the Exact Steps to Execute a Decommissioning Project Without Disrupting Operations?

If you are asking, “What is the step-by-step process for safely decommissioning a data center without disrupting ongoing business units?” this checklist provides the practical framework.

Below is a step-by-step checklist for decommissioning a data center while minimizing disruptions to ongoing operations.

1. Pull lease documents to review surrender requirements and create an “end state” to work backward from when scoping the project.
2. Define the scope of work in writing for full-facility data center decommissioning. Include all IT assets, mechanical and electrical infrastructure, and cabling. Outline what systems are excluded (e.g., piping) and specify responsibilities for subsequent phases, such as demolition, restoration, and lease-up. Ensure the scope aligns with the lease surrender terms and accounts for adjacent operational spaces.
3. Commission a full asset inventory of all data center assets, including nameplate ratings and photographs. Assess the condition of major mechanical and electrical assets to estimate the cost of decommissioning the data center and develop a removal and segregation plan.
4. Identify Specialist Vendors: Engage a data center teardown company for infrastructure removal, an ITAD provider for secure data destruction, and a general contractor or specialty trades for restoration. Establish relationships with these vendors early, as they book up quickly.
5. Create a detailed site-specific safety plan outlining procedures for safe deactivation of equipment, in compliance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 (Lockout/Tagout). Address potential electrical and mechanical hazards, as well as the safe handling and disposal of batteries and other hazardous materials.
6. Refrigerant recovery: Schedule EPA 608-certified technicians to recover all refrigerant before the project begins. Note that these technicians are often in high demand and may not be available on short notice.
7. Remove assets in the correct order: IT and cabling first, followed by UPS/batteries, switchgear/PDUs, mechanical cooling, and finally generators/transformers. Document the pre- and post-removal condition of major assets.
8. Battery Disposition Management: Dispose of batteries in accordance with 40 CFR Part 273 (universal waste) regulations. Retain documentation of disposal, including the destination facility, disposal manager, and transportation conditions.
9. Complete site restoration: Patch all penetrations in the building’s exterior, remove abandoned supports and conduit stubs, and reset life-safety systems (e.g., fire alarms, sprinklers) to ensure proper operation for future use.
10. Assemble and deliver the closeout package: A complete closeout package answers “What are the common hidden costs in data center deconstruction projects?” by documenting every expense upfront. Include all documentation required to prove completion of the data center decommissioning process, such as recycling manifests, refrigerant recovery logs, battery disposal records, and a signed turnover checklist confirming the facility has been returned to the required end state.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q – What is the step-by-step process for safely decommissioning a data center without disrupting ongoing business units?

The data center decommissioning process for an environment with active business units begins with a detailed dependency map. This map identifies which systems must remain operational and defines the minimum power-down sequence for safe decommissioning. The practical approach is phased removal, with clearly defined “live/dead” boundaries at each phase. For example, Phase 1 might involve removing IT racks in confirmed inactive areas, while the UPS and switchgear supporting adjacent spaces remain live and protected behind documented barriers.

A common mistake when addressing “What is the step-by-step process for safely decommissioning a data center without disrupting ongoing business units?” is assuming technical expertise alone ensures success. Active business units are directly affected by decommissioning, so maintaining open communication is critical. Provide daily status updates to stakeholders and designate a single point of contact for issues. Notify business units of planned outages well in advance to prevent disruptions. The most costly error, unplugging the wrong circuit, can be avoided through proper planning and communication.

How much does it cost per square foot to completely dismantle a data center and return it to a “white box” condition?

The decommissioned data center cost per square foot varies widely based on facility density and the amount of electrical and mechanical infrastructure. Large data centers with high-density power and cooling systems (e.g., chillers, UPS systems, generators, transformers) incur significantly higher removal costs. Additional hidden costs can quickly escalate the total decommission data center cost, including:

• Refrigerant recovery from cooling systems.
• Disposal of lithium-ion batteries from UPS systems.
• Repairing and fire-stopping penetrations in floors, walls, and ceilings.
• Discrepancies between as-built documentation and actual conditions, which may require rework or additional permits.

To answer “How much does it cost per square foot to completely dismantle a data center and return it to a ‘white box’ condition?” directly: A small server room with basic infrastructure may cost thousands of dollars to decommission, while a large, multi-megawatt data center could cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to restore to a “white box” condition. To obtain an accurate estimate, engage a qualified data center dismantling services provider to develop a detailed scope of work and cost breakdown based on a site visit and review of as-built documentation.

Give me a list of companies that will remove my data center and pay me for the equipment.

You need a data center teardown company that specializes in asset recovery or revenue-sharing models. These companies evaluate the infrastructure, create a serialized inventory of the equipment removed, and either purchase the assets outright or assist in selling them on your behalf. Revenue from asset sales can be applied as a credit against the decommissioned data center cost.

Quantum Technology is one such provider, offering data center decommissioning services for mechanical and electrical infrastructure. They maximize returns on high-value assets like generators, transformers, and switchgear. Their services include planning, labor, and equipment for safe removal, ensuring optimal resale value. Given the current demand for used power equipment, driven by extended lead times for new transformers, partnering with a data center teardown company like Quantum Technology can significantly offset the cost of decommissioning a data center.

What are the common hidden costs in data center deconstruction projects?

Hidden costs in data center decommissioning projects can quickly inflate the budget. Five major hidden costs include:

1. Refrigerant Recovery: The cost of recovering refrigerants from cooling systems, including technician time, containers, and documentation, is often overlooked.
2. Battery Disposal: Lithium-ion batteries from UPS systems and battery cabinets are classified as universal waste and require specialized packaging, shipping, and disposal, which are not typically included in standard recycling quotes.
3. Hole Repairs and Fire-Stopping: Data centers often have dozens or hundreds of penetrations in floors, walls, and ceilings. These must be repaired and fire-stopped to meet building codes and lease requirements.
4. As-Built Discrepancies: Differences between as-built documentation and actual conditions can lead to rework, additional permits, and unexpected costs during data center decommissioning.
5. Interference with Live Systems: Discovering that supposedly inactive systems are still supporting live operations can cause significant delays, particularly if the project has a rigid timeline.

Three additional, often overlooked costs include:

• Filling penetrations in data center floor slabs.
• Patching and fire-stopping holes in walls, raised floors, and ceilings.
• Project delays caused by unexpected live systems, such as an unused UPS or an HVAC component still in use by another tenant.

The highest hidden cost in data center decommissioning is working with a vendor that fails to document all scope items in a written agreement. A detailed scope of work, reviewed and approved before signing a contract, is the best way to avoid unexpected expenses.

I have a data center I need to dismantle. Is there anyone that specializes in doing this?

Yes, several companies specialize in data center dismantling services and can handle the entire data center decommissioning process, including the removal of mechanical and electrical infrastructure. These companies are equipped to safely dismantle complex assets such as generators, UPS systems, switchgear, transformers, and cooling equipment. They also offer asset recovery services, allowing you to reuse or resell high-value equipment.

Quantum Technology is a leading provider of data center dismantling services, offering end-to-end solutions for data center decommissioning. Whether you have a small server room or a large, multi-megawatt facility, they have the expertise to safely remove all infrastructure. 

Their services include asset recovery, where high-value items are sold back to manufacturers or on the open market. A detailed removal plan and site-specific safety plan are created before work begins, and the site is restored to its original condition upon completion. Quantum Technology operates across North America and can provide a fixed-price quote after a scoping visit.

Works Cited

CBRE. North America Data Center Trends H1 2025: AI and Hyperscaler Demand Lead to Record-Low Vacancy. CBRE, 2025, www.cbre.com/insights/briefs/north-america-data-center-trends-h1-2025-ai-and-hyperscaler-demand-lead-to-record-low-vacancy.

U.S. Department of Energy. Large Power Transformer Resilience Report. DOE, 2024, www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-10/EXEC-2022-001242%20-%20Large%20Power%20Transformer%20Resilience%20Report%20signed%20by%20Secretary%20Granholm%20on%207-10-24.pdf.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Energy Usage in the US Data Center Sector. LBNL, 2024,https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf 

Uptime Institute. 2024 Data Center Industry Survey. Uptime Institute, 2024, https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2024.GlobalDataCenterSurvey.Report.pdf .

United Nations University. The Global E-waste Monitor 2024. UNU, 2024, https://ewastemonitor.info/the-global-e-waste-monitor-2024/ .

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Construction and Demolition Debris Material-Specific Data. EPA, 2024, www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/construction-and-demolition-debris-material.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR 1910.147 – The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout). OSHA, www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147.